Contiguity - Revision history

Karl Jones: /* External links */

2016-04-22T21:13:30Z

‎External links

Karl Jones at 13:15, 6 February 2016

2016-02-06T13:15:49Z

Karl Jones: /* Psychology */

2015-09-14T12:11:05Z

‎Psychology

Karl Jones: /* See also */

2015-09-14T12:10:41Z

‎See also

Karl Jones: /* See also */

2015-09-14T12:10:30Z

‎See also

Karl Jones at 12:10, 14 September 2015

2015-09-14T12:10:05Z

Karl Jones at 12:09, 14 September 2015

2015-09-14T12:09:53Z

Karl Jones: Created page with "A '''contiguity''' is a continuous mass, or a series of things in contact or in proximity, or the state of being such a mass or series. == Description == The concept was fir..."

2015-09-14T12:09:08Z

Created page with "A '''contiguity''' is a continuous mass, or a series of things in contact or in proximity, or the state of being such a mass or series. == Description == The concept was fir..."

New page

A '''contiguity''' is a continuous mass, or a series of things in contact or in proximity, or the state of being such a mass or series.

== Description ==

The concept was first set out in the Law of Contiguity (one of [[Aristotle]]'s [[Laws of Association]]) which states that things that occur near each other in [[time]] or [[space]] are readily associated.

== Computer science ==

Memory elements are contiguous if adjacent and apparently connected (but they may, in fact, be disconnected).

A [[computer file]] or other [[data (computing)|data]] stored on a [[mass storage]] system, particularly [[hard disk]]-based, is said to be contiguous—sometimes, ungrammatically, to be composed of one fragment—if the file data is in one continuous region without intervening extraneous data.

A non-contiguous file is said to be [[File system fragmentation|fragmented]], and can usually be [[Defragmentation|defragmented]] with a software utility.

== Geography ==

Political or geographical land divisions that, as a group, are not interrupted by other land or water is ''contiguous.'' In the [[United States]], for example, the "[[Contiguous United States|48 contiguous states]]" excludes [[Hawaii]] and [[Alaska]], which do not share borders with other [[U.S. state]]s.

Other examples of geographical contiguity might include the "contiguous European Union" excluding member states such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, Finland and Cyprus (these being non-contiguous), or the "contiguous United Kingdom" referring to all parts of the country excepting Northern Ireland (it being geographically non-contiguous).

Two or more contiguous [[Municipality|municipalities]] can be consolidated into one, or one municipality can consist of many noncontiguous elements. For example, the [[Financially Distressed Municipalities Act]] allows the commonwealth of [[Pennsylvania]] to merge contiguous municipalities to reduce [[financial distress]].

Geographic contiguity is important in [[biology]], especially [[range (biology)|animal ranges]].

For a particular species, its habitat may be a 'contiguous range', or it might be broken, requiring periodic, typically seasonal migrations; (see: [[Disjunct distribution]]).

The same concept of contiguous range is true for human transportation studies in an attempt to understand census geography.

== Interaction design ==

Contiguous data is recognized by the fact that it must be in a particular order to keep its [[meaning]].

If you scramble [[letters]] or [[words]] in a [[text]], meaning is lost.

See:

* [[Entropy]]
* [[Interaction design]]

== Management ==

The concept of close operational context is an approach to determine the co-operation of entities, e.g. persons or persons with equipment, to monitor the usage of equipment just by a [[Fuzzy locating system|fuzzy metrics]] for lateral distance, as in the events of coooperation or, in healthcare, especially the event of provision of service by staff to patients.

== Mathematics ==

The ideas of closeness are inherent in the concept of a [[contiguity space]] or [[proximity space]]. See also [[Law of Continuity]].

In addition, the Law of Continuity can be applied to [[conceptual computational abstract ideas]].

== Philosophy ==

Philosophers speak of contiguity when they assume two [[Event|events]] or [[object|objects]] lying directly side by side in [[space]] and [[time]] without being connected by [[causality]] or any other principle.

== Physics ==

Contiguity is a [[Metallurgy|metallurgical property]] used to characterize [[microstructure]] of materials.

It is [[Computation|computed]] by finding the [[ratio]] of [[solid–solid length]] to the [[sum of solid–solid and solid–liquid length]] of the [[microstructure]].

== Probability theory ==

The contiguity of a pair of sequences of probability measures is a property that relates to the commonality of the sets that have zero measure as the index in the sequence increases.

See [[Contiguity (probability theory)]].

== Psychology ==

Association by contiguity is the principle that ideas, memories, and experiences are linked when one is frequently experienced with the other. For example, if you constantly see a knife and a fork together they become linked (associated). The more these two items (stimuli) are perceived together the stronger the link between them. When one of the memories becomes activated later on, the linked (contiguously associated) memory becomes temporarily more activated and thus easier to be called into working memory. This process is called ''[[priming (psychology)|priming]],'' and the initial memory that primed the other is called the ''retrieval cue.''

Association by contiguity is the root of association by similarity. Association by similarity is the idea that one memory primes another through their common property or properties. Thus, an apple may prime a memory of a rose through the common property of red. These two become associated even though you may have never experienced an apple and a rose together (consistent with association by contiguity).

In the study of human memory, the contiguity effect has been found in studies of free recall. Analyses of free recall data indicates that there tends to be the greatest number of +/- 1 transitions between words, suggesting that a person is more likely to recall words together that are closer together in a list.

This is shown in a graph of conditional response probability as a function of lag as originated by Dr. Michael Kahana. The probability of recall (y-axis) is plotted against the lag, or separation between subsequently recalled words.

For example, if two items A and B are learned together, when cued with B, A is retrieved and vice versa due to their temporal contiguity, although there will be a stronger forward association (when cued with A, B is recalled).<ref name=Kahana/>

The contiguity effect appears relatively constant, and has been predicted to have long-term effects according to the temporal context model proposed by Howard and Kahana.

This model explains the contiguity effect in the following manner: when an item is presented, it activates the temporal context that was active when the item was originally studied.

Since contexts of neighboring items overlap, and that overlap increases with decreasing lag between items, a contiguity effect results.

The contiguity effect has even been found between items in different lists, although it has been speculated that these items could simply be intrusions.

When one associated memory, a group of associated memories, or a whole line of associated memories becomes primed, this is known as [[spreading activation]].

In [[Operant conditioning|conditioning]], contiguity refers to how associated a [[reinforcement|reinforcer]] is with behaviour. The higher the contiguity between events the greater the strength of the behavioural relationship.

[[Edwin Ray Guthrie]]'s contiguity theory deals with patterned movements.<ref>[http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/contiguity-theory.html Instructional Design Theories]</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Aristotle]]
* [[Cohesion (chemistry)|Cohesion]]
* [[Connectedness]]
* [[Laws of Association]]
* [[Neighbourhood]]
* [[Proximity]]
* [[Vicinity]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguity Contiguity] @ Wikipedia

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 A '''contiguity''' is a continuous mass, or a series of things in contact or in proximity, or the state of being such a mass or series.
- (TO DO: expand, organize, cross-reference, illustrate.)
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 == Description ==

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 This is shown in a graph of conditional response probability as a function of lag as originated by Dr. Michael Kahana.  The probability of recall (y-axis) is plotted against the lag, or separation between subsequently recalled words.
-For example, if two items A and B are learned together, when cued with B, A is retrieved and vice versa due to their temporal contiguity, although there will be a stronger forward association (when cued with A, B is recalled).<ref name=Kahana/>
+For example, if two items A and B are learned together, when cued with B, A is retrieved and vice versa due to their temporal contiguity, although there will be a stronger forward association (when cued with A, B is recalled).
 The contiguity effect appears relatively constant, and has been predicted to have long-term effects according to the temporal context model proposed by Howard and Kahana.
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 In [[Operant conditioning|conditioning]], contiguity refers to how associated a [[reinforcement|reinforcer]] is with behaviour. The higher the contiguity between events the greater the strength of the behavioural relationship.
-[[Edwin Ray Guthrie]]'s contiguity theory deals with patterned movements.<ref>[http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/contiguity-theory.html Instructional Design Theories]</ref>
+[[Edwin Ray Guthrie]]'s contiguity theory deals with patterned movements.
 == See also ==

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 * [[Aristotle]]
-* [[Cohesion (chemistry)|Cohesion]]
+* [[Cohesion (chemistry)]]
 * [[Connectedness]]
 * [[Laws of Association]]

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 * [[Connectedness]]
 * [[Laws of Association]]
-* [[Neighbourhood]]
+* [[Neighborhood]]
 * [[Proximity]]
 * [[Vicinity]]