Wiki @ Karl Jones dot com - User contributions [en]

D3.js

2016-05-22T21:49:11Z

Kim Matthews: /* External links */

'''D3.js''' (or just '''D3''' for Data-Driven Documents) is a [[JavaScript library]] for producing dynamic, interactive [[data visualizations]] in [[web browsers]].

== Description ==

It makes use of the widely implemented [[SVG]], [[HTML5]], and [[CSS]] standards.

D3.js is free software under the [[BSD License]].

It is the successor to the earlier Protovis framework.

In contrast to many other libraries, D3.js allows great control over the final visual result.

Its development was noted in 2011, as version 2.0.0 was released in August 2011.

== See also ==

* [[Data visualization]]
* [[JavaScript library]]

=== Applications using D3.js ===

* [[Anti-Eviction Mapping Project]] by [[Olivia Jack]]

== External links ==

* [https://d3js.org/ Official website] @ d3js.org
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3.js D3.js] @ Wikipedia

=== Examples ===

* [https://github.com/d3/d3/wiki/Gallery Gallery of examples] @ github.com

=== Tutorials ===

* [https://github.com/d3/d3/wiki/Tutorials Tutorials] @ github.com
* [http://www.recursion.org/d3-for-mere-mortals/ D3 for Mere Mortals] @ recursion.org
* [http://vijayrc.com/vectorclocks/vrc/post/d3#.V0H0efkrL4Y Drawing a many-to-many relationship] by Vijay Chakravarthy @ vijayrc.com
* [http://bl.ocks.org/mbostock/3757119 Equirectangular (Plate Carrée)] @ bl.ocks.org
** [http://www.maori.geek.nz/d3_js_geo_fun/ Drawing Maps with D3.js and Other Geographical Fun]
* [http://hsilomedus.me/wp-content/uploads/javadayd3/index.html Visualize with D3.js] @ hsilomedus.me

[[Category:Data visualization]]
[[Category:JavaScript libraries]]

Art

2016-05-22T21:36:14Z

Kim Matthews: /* External links */

'''Art''' is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artworks, expressing the author's imaginative or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power.

== General form ==

In their most general form these activities include:

* The production of works of art
* The criticism of art
* The study of the history of art
* The aesthetic dissemination of art

== History ==

The oldest form of art are [[visual arts]], which include creation of [[Image|images]] or objects in various fields, including:

* [[Painting]]
* [[Sculpture]]
* [[Printmaking]]
* [[Photography]]

== Architecture and decorative arts ==

[[Architecture]] is often included as one of the visual arts.

However, like the [[decorative arts]], architecture involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential -- in a way that they usually are not in a painting, for example.

== Performing arts ==

[[Music]], [[theatre]], [[film]], [[dance]], and other [[performing arts]], as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of art or the arts.

== Historical usage ==

Until the 17th century, ''art'' referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences.

== Modern usage ==

In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the [[Decorative arts|decorative]] or [[Applied arts|applied arts]].

== Characterization ==

Art may be characterized in terms of [[mimesis]] (its representation of reality), expression, communication of emotion, or other qualities.

During the Romantic period, art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science".

Though the definition of what constitutes art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency and creation.

== Philosophy of aesthetics ==

The nature of art, and related concepts such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy known as [[aesthetics]].

== See also ==

* [[Aesthetics]]
* [[Architecture]]
* [[Art criticism]]
* [[Art for art's sake]]
* [[Artwork]]
* [[Classificatory disputes about art]]
* [[Composition (visual arts)]]
* [[Design]]
* [[Design elements and principles]]
* [[Drawing]]
* [[Elements of art]]
* [[Formalism (art)]]
* [[Medium specificity]]
* [[Mimesis]]
* [[Painting]]
* [[Photography]]
* [[Printmaking]]
* [[Sculpture]]
* [[Style (visual arts)]]
* [[Visual arts]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art Art] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Art]]
[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:Arts and crafts]]
[[Category:Beauty]]
[[Category:Literature]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

Leonard Bocour

2016-05-22T21:23:33Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Leonard Bocour''' (March 18, 1910 – September 6, 1993) was an American [[artist]].

== Life and work ==

Bocour was born in New York City. Around 1933 he formed the New York City based company '''Bocour Artists Colors'''.

He was the co-developer, along with [[Sam Golden]], of '''Magna paint''', an early, high-quality form of [[acrylic paint]].

From 1952 until 1970 he and Sam Golden were partners in the Bocour Artists Colors Co. The company sold artist paints from the late 1930s until the 1990s.

Many well-known artists from [[Mark Rothko]], [[Jackson Pollock]] and [[Willem de Kooning]] to [[Helen Frankenthaler]], [[Morris Louis]], [[Kenneth Noland]] and hundreds of others bought paint from Leonard Bocour.

The tubes of paint marked '''Bocour''' were watercolor or oil paint and the tubes labeled '''Bellini''' were oil paint. The acrylic paint was thick bodied and called '''Aquatec'''.

Bocour was a serious [[art collector]], in addition to being a well-known paint manufacturer. He collected and owned works by many of his now famous customers.

== Interview excerpt ==

<nowiki>Oral history interview with Leonard Bocour
At his apartment on Riverside Drive, New York, New York
June 8, 1978
Interviewer: Paul Cummings
</nowiki>

<blockquote>
LB: ... this is 1932 ... I was working at an advertising agency, not doing anything that had to do with art; it had to do with checking. A 'checker' in an advertising agency gets the newspapers, checks, puts a crayon around the edge -- he has a pay job --and then he puts it in a book. It's very, very monotonous stupid work --

PC: Cut and paste.

LB: Yes, you know, it was an easy job. And I got fired. I got fired; so, you know, it was very -- you know, the Depression; in those days it was really depressing; the future looked very bleak. There was no unemployment insurance, none of the social services. I went to see my spiritual leader, [[Emil Ganso]]. And Emil, I dare say was very sympathetic at that time. What do you do? And it was he who suggested that I make paint for artists. And nobody went into a surer thing because, he said, (LB laughs) "If you don't sell it, we can always use it!"
</blockquote>

More:

<blockquote>
So, anyway, we rented this place, it was down on -- 2 West 15th Street. It was like a large closet. You could touch both walls. There was one window. The reason we rented that room: there was a big rolltop desk. We took the rolltop off and threw that away and used the desk as a grinding table. Gee, I should have brought you some pictures -- maybe you can come up to -- I have some old photographs. And that was Bocour Hand-ground Colors. I was in that building for at least twelve or fourteen years. I was told that in that building, the top floor was full of skylight studios. One of the most famous artists at that time was [[William Zorach]], he had a studio on the corner there. Jo Jones had a studio --

PC: I've seen photographs of him in that studio. Who else was there?

LB: Oh, Joe de Martini [Joseph de Martini] was there. Now there's a guy -- you think of de Martini -- God, he was so famous, and popular. Joe's about 80-something; 87, maybe; I don't know. I have a few of his paintings. I love his work. A seascape, up there. Well, anyway, we started to --

PC: Why did he say make artists; colors? Were they hard to buy?

LB: No! It was just something to do. Oh yeah he had -- I forgot to mention. . . When we got friendly with him, we noticed in the corner of the studio there was a little kitchen table with a glass top and a motor. And he used to make his own oil paint. Pretty soon I was making it. It never occurred to me that a professional artist would go and buy his own tubes of paint. He used to say, "I wouldn't use that shit --" [both laugh]There used to be a firm still in existence, named (?) & Spearles (I couldn't find these company names).

PC: Oh yes.

LB: For dry color. And it's like a big retail he said, "I went there in the beginning to buy powdered yellow ochre." Sounds real but when you buy in quantity these days it's just sort of like a jobber. So anyway, it was he who suggested it was something to do; there was no other job. So we did it, and I went peddling the paint from studio to studio. That's how I had to meet all these guys --

PC: Oh, and one artist would pass you on to another --

LB: Yeah. Like Leon Kroll was at the Academy. So I called on him. He bought my first --

PC: What colors did you make?

LB: We made a palette of about eighteen colors. We had a little hand-printed label. Somebody sent me a tube recently. I have it wrapped in cotton. An old, old thing, I think it's at least -- see, actually my whole life I've only had this one job; that was the only job I ever -- then I went into business and have been an entrepreneur all my life [he laughs]. So that was the shop. First, I think, it measured six feet by eighteen; and with a little window. The biggest studio I had there -- this is how I figured out the square feet, and actually measured 22 feet by 27. And we had to move because it was getting small. So I went to see a real estate man and he said, "How many square feet do you need?" And I really don't know. I said, "How do you get square feet?" So he told me. (both laugh) So we moved up to 16th Street. And that building is -- I consider it the spiritual home of Bocour Colors. Because now there's a luxury-type apartment there. We had a very - you see, actually it was a kind of a crazy part of my life. In a sense, it wasn't a business, and I wasn't an artist, as a way of life. And no money -- God Almighty, you'd make $12 or $15 -- The guys on the Project, the WPA (Works Project Administration) started, see, and that was a very interesting experience -- they were getting $23.86 a week. I was making maybe $12 a week. Then I got involved for a short period with the Treasury Relief Art Project. That was the project for the public buildings -- the murals and all that. But that was a short-lived thing.

PC: What was that about? I mean, what did you have to do with it?

LB: We made paint for them and certain colors that they specified to make pictures.
</blockquote>

Source: http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-leonard-bocour-12884

== See also ==

* [[Acrylic paint]]
* [[Artist]]
* [[Painter]]
* [[Painting]]
* [[Sam Golden]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bocour Leonard Bocour] @ Wikipedia
* [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-leonard-bocour-12884 Oral history interview with Leonard Bocour, 1978 June 8]

[[Category:Art]]
[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:Painters]]
[[Category:People]]

Sculptor

2016-05-22T21:20:42Z

Kim Matthews:

In [[art]], a '''sculptor''' is an artist who creates [[sculpture]].

== See also ==

* [[Art]]
* [[Sculpture]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting Painting] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Art]]
[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Sculptors]]
[[Category:Sculpture]]

Sculpture

2016-05-22T21:20:21Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

'''Sculpture''' is the branch of the [[visual arts]] that operates in [[three dimensions]], and one of the [[plastic arts]].

== Description ==

Durable sculptural processes originally used [[carving]] (the removal of material) and [[modelling]] (the addition of material, as clay), in [[stone]], [[metal]], [[ceramics]], [[wood]] and other materials.

Since [[Modernism]], there has been an almost complete freedom of materials and process.

A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as [[carving]], assembled by [[welding]] or [[modelling]], or [[molded]], or [[cast]].

Sculpture in [[stone]] survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than [[pottery]]) from ancient culture, while traditions of sculpture in [[wood]] may have vanished almost entirely.

Most ancient sculpture was [[brightly painted]]; this has been lost.

== Religious and political devotion ==

Sculpture has been central in [[religious devotion]] in many cultures, and until recent centuries large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of [[religion]] or [[politics]].

Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in South America and Africa.

== Western tradition ==

The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period.

During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith.

The revival of classical models in the [[Renaissance]] produced famous sculptures such as [[Michelangelo]]'s [[David]].

Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of constructed sculpture, and the presentation of found objects as finished art works.

== See also ==

* [[Arborsculpture]]
* [[Architectural sculpture]]
* [[Assemblage]]
* [[Butter sculpture]]
* [[Cass Sculpture Foundation]]
* [[Collage]]
* [[Electrotyping]]
* [[Floral design (Ikebana)]]
* [[Garden sculpture]]
* [[Sculpture garden]]
* [[Gas sculpture]]
* [[Glassblowing]]
* [[Hill figure]]
* [[History of Eastern art]]
* [[Hologram]]
* [[Inuit Art]]
* [[List of female sculptors]]
* [[List of sculptors]]
* [[List of Stone Age art]]
* [[List of sculpture parks]]
* [[List of most expensive sculptures]]
* [[Living sculpture]]
* [[Mask]]
* [[Mobiles]]
* [[Monumental sculpture]]
* [[Origami]]
* [[Outline of sculpture]]
* [[Plaster cast]]
* [[Sculptor]]
* [[Visual arts]]
* [[Wax sculpture]]
* [[Welded sculpture]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture Sculpture] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Arts and crafts]]
[[Category:Sculptors]]
[[Category:Sculpture]]
[[Category:Sculpture materials]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

Sam Golden

2016-05-22T21:19:19Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

'''Sam Golden''' (May 20, 1915 – March 11, 1997) was a paintmaker.

== Life and work ==

Golden started his paintmaking career in 1936 at Bocour Artist Colors with his uncle [[Leonard Bocour]].

Between 1946 and 1949, Bocour and Sam Golden invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand '''Magna paint'''. These are mineral spirit-based paints.

== See also ==

* [[Acrylic paint]]
* [[Leonard Bocour]]
* [[Paint]]
* [[Painting]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Golden Sam Golden] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:People]]

Paint

2016-05-22T21:10:49Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

'''Paint''' is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.

== Description ==

Paint is most commonly used to protect, [[color]], or provide texture to objects.

In the [[visual arts]], it is used for [[painting]].

Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc.

Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.

== See also ==

* [[Acrylic paint]]
* [[Sam Golden]]
* [[Painting]]
* [[Visual arts]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint Paint] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Materials]]
[[Category:Painting]]

Paint

2016-05-22T21:10:31Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Paint''' is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.

== Description ==

Paint is most commonly used to protect, [[color]], or provide texture to objects.

In the [[visual arts]], it is used for [[painting]].

Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc.

Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.

== See also ==

* [[Acrylic paint]]
* [[Sam Golden]]
* [[Painting]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint Paint] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Materials]]
[[Category:Painting]]

Kim Matthews

2016-05-22T21:08:20Z

Kim Matthews:

[[File:Visitor-by-Kim-Matthews-(2015).png|thumb|''Visitor'' (2015).]]'''Kim Matthews''' is an American [[sculptor]].

== See also ==

* [[Sculpture]]

== External links ==

* [http://kimmatthewsart.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:Sculptors]]
[[Category:People]]

Sam Golden

2016-05-22T21:07:03Z

Kim Matthews: /* Life and work */

'''Sam Golden''' (May 20, 1915 – March 11, 1997) was a paintmaker.

== Life and work ==

Golden started his paintmaking career in 1936 at Bocour Artist Colors with his uncle [[Leonard Bocour]].

Between 1946 and 1949, Bocour and Sam Golden invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand '''Magna paint'''. These are mineral spirit-based paints.

== See also ==

* [[Acrylic paint]]
* [[Paint]]
* [[Painting]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Golden Sam Golden] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:People]]

Sam Golden

2016-05-22T21:06:52Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Sam Golden''' (May 20, 1915 – March 11, 1997) was a paintmaker.

== Life and work ==

Golden started his paintmaking career in 1936 at Bocour Artist Colors with his uncle [[Leonard Bocour]].

Between 1946 and 1949, Bocour and Sam Golden invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand Magna paint. These are mineral spirit-based paints.

== See also ==

* [[Acrylic paint]]
* [[Paint]]
* [[Painting]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Golden Sam Golden] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:People]]

Acrylic paint

2016-05-22T21:05:41Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Acrylic paint''' is a fast-drying [[paint]] made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion.

== Description ==

Acrylic paints are water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry.

Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media.

== History ==

As early as 1934, the first usable acrylic resin dispersion was developed by German chemical company BASF, which was patented by Rohm and Haas.

The synthetic paint was first used in the 1940s, combining some of the properties of oil and watercolor.

Between 1946 and 1949, Leonard Bocour and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand Magna paint. These were mineral spirit-based paints.

Acrylics were made commercially available in the 1950s.

== See also ==

* [[Sam Golden]]
* [[Painting]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint Acrylic paint] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Materials]]
[[Category:Painting]]

Paint

2016-05-22T21:05:07Z

Kim Matthews: /* History */

Paint

2016-05-22T21:04:22Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Paint''' is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.

== Description ==

It is most commonly used to protect, [[color]], or provide texture to objects.

Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc.

Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.

== History ==

As early as 1934, the first usable acrylic resin dispersion was developed by German chemical company BASF, which was patented by Rohm and Haas.

The synthetic paint was first used in the 1940s, combining some of the properties of oil and watercolor.

Between 1946 and 1949, Leonard Bocour and [[Sam Golden]] invented a solution acrylic paint under the brand Magna paint. These were mineral spirit-based paints.

Acrylics were made commercially available in the 1950s.

== See also ==

* [[Acrylic paint]]
* [[Sam Golden]]
* [[Painting]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint Paint] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Materials]]
[[Category:Painting]]

Paint

2016-05-22T21:02:37Z

Kim Matthews: Created page with "'''Paint''' is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. == Description == It is most..."

Acrylic paint

2016-05-22T21:01:06Z

Kim Matthews: Created page with "'''Acrylic paint''' is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion. == Description == Acrylic paints are water-soluble, but become water-re..."

File:Visitor-by-Kim-Matthews-(2015).png

2016-05-22T20:58:52Z

Kim Matthews: Visitor by Kim Matthews (2015). Canvas, concrete, acrylic media on styrofoam, approx. 14" d. 2015. Private collection.

Visitor by [[Kim Matthews]] (2015).

Canvas, concrete, acrylic media on styrofoam, approx. 14" d.

2015.

Private collection.

User:Kim Matthews

2016-05-22T20:56:37Z

Kim Matthews:

Biography:

* [[Kim Matthews]]

Data visualization etc.:

* [[Data visualization]]
* [[Information visualization]]
* [[Scientific visualization]]

Computers and art:

* [[Algorithmic composition]]
* [[Computer art]]

Categories:

* [[:Category:Computer artists]]
* [[:Category:Sculptors]]
* [[:Category:Interalia Magazine: Code as Muse]]

User:Kim Matthews

2016-05-22T20:55:47Z

Kim Matthews:

Your page:

* [[Kim Matthews]]

Data visualization etc.:

* [[Data visualization]]
* [[Information visualization]]
* [[Scientific visualization]]

Computers and art:

* [[Algorithmic composition]]
* [[Computer art]]

Categories:

* [[:Category:Computer artists]]
* [[:Category:Sculptors]]
* [[:Category:Interalia Magazine: Code as Muse]]

User:Kim Matthews

2016-05-22T20:55:14Z

Kim Matthews:

Started content.

Your page:

* [[Kim Matthews]]

Data visualization etc.:

* [[Data visualization]]
* [[Information visualization]]
* [[Scientific visualization]]

Computers and art:

* [[Algorithmic composition]]
* [[Computer art]]

Categories:

* [[:Category:Computer artists]]
* [[:Category:Sculptors]]
* [[:Category:Interalia Magazine: Code as Muse]]

Computer art

2016-05-22T20:54:26Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Computer art''' may refer to:

* Artworks made using [[computers]] as tools
* Artworks made using computers as [[media]]
* Artworks about computers and [[computing]]

== See also ==

* [[Algorithm]]
* [[Algorithmic composition]]
* [[Autonomous system]]
* [[Cellular automata]]
* [[Computer]]
* [[Deep Dream]]
* [[Demoscene]]
* [[Digital artifact]]
* [[Display hack]]
* [[Generative art]]
* [[Low-complexity art]]
* [[Mathematical beauty]]
* [[Mathematics and art]]
* [[Systems art]]
* [[Systems theory]]
* [[Jean-Pierre Yvaral]] - coined the phrase [[Numerical Art]]

[[Category:Computer artists]]
[[Category:Digital art]]
[[Category:Mathematical beauty]]
[[Category:Mathematics and art]]

Computer art

2016-05-22T20:53:55Z

Kim Matthews: /* See */

'''Computer art''' may refer to:

* Artworks made using computers as tools
* Artworks made using computers as media
* Artworks about computers and computing

== See also ==

* [[Algorithm]]
* [[Algorithmic composition]]
* [[Autonomous system]]
* [[Cellular automata]]
* [[Computer]]
* [[Deep Dream]]
* [[Demoscene]]
* [[Digital artifact]]
* [[Display hack]]
* [[Generative art]]
* [[Low-complexity art]]
* [[Mathematical beauty]]
* [[Mathematics and art]]
* [[Systems art]]
* [[Systems theory]]
* [[Jean-Pierre Yvaral]] - coined the phrase [[Numerical Art]]

[[Category:Computer artists]]
[[Category:Digital art]]
[[Category:Mathematical beauty]]
[[Category:Mathematics and art]]

User:Kim Matthews

2016-05-22T20:52:18Z

Kim Matthews:

Information visualization

2016-05-22T20:48:07Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

'''Information visualization''' or '''information visualisation''' is the study of (interactive) visual representations of abstract data to reinforce human cognition.

Compare [[Data visualization]] and [[Scientific visualization]].

== Description ==

The abstract data include both numerical and non-numerical data, such as [[text]] and geographic information.

== Scientific visualization ==

Information visualization differs from [[scientific visualization]]:

* Information visualization: the spatial representation is ''chosen''
* [[Scientific visualization]]: the spatial representation is ''given''

== See also ==

* [[Data]]
* [[Data (computing)]]
* [[Data visualization]]
* [[Design]]
* [[Information]]
* [[Scientific visualization]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_visualization Information visualization] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Information]]
[[Category:Information visualization]]

Scientific visualization

2016-05-22T20:47:49Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Scientific visualization''' (also spelled '''scientific visualisation''') is an interdisciplinary branch of [[science]] as a [[Visual arts|visual art]].

Compare [[Data visualization]] and [[Information visualization]].

== Description ==

According to Friendly (2008), it is "primarily concerned with the visualization of three-dimensional phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component".

It is also considered a branch of [[computer science]] that is a subset of [[computer graphics]].

The purpose of scientific visualization is to graphically illustrate scientific data to enable scientists to understand, illustrate, and glean insight from their data.

== Information visualization ==

Compare [[Information visualization]].

== See also ==

* [[Computer graphics]]
* [[Computer science]]
* [[Data visualization]]
* [[Information visualization]]
* [[Visual arts]]

== External links ==

[[Category:Computer graphics]]
[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Information]]
[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

Information visualization

2016-05-22T20:47:17Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Information visualization''' or '''information visualisation''' is the study of (interactive) visual representations of abstract data to reinforce human cognition.

Compare [[Data visualization]] and [[Scientific visualization]].

== Description ==

The abstract data include both numerical and non-numerical data, such as [[text]] and geographic information.

== Scientific visualization ==

Information visualization differs from [[scientific visualization]]:

* Information visualization: the spatial representation is ''chosen''
* [[Scientific visualization]]: the spatial representation is ''given''

== See also ==

* [[Data]]
* [[Data (computing)]]
* [[Design]]
* [[Information]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_visualization Information visualization] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Information]]
[[Category:Information visualization]]

Data visualization

2016-05-22T20:46:59Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Data visualization''' or '''data visualisation''' is the creation and study of the visual representation of [[data]], meaning "information that has been abstracted in some schematic form, including attributes or variables for the units of information".

Compare [[Information visualization]] and [[Scientific visualization]].

== Description ==

A primary goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and efficiently via statistical graphics, plots and information graphics.

Numerical data may be encoded using dots, lines, or bars, to visually communicate a quantitative message.

Effective visualization helps users analyze and reason about data and evidence.

It makes complex data more accessible, understandable and usable.

Users may have particular analytical tasks, such as making comparisons or understanding causality, and the design principle of the graphic (i.e., showing comparisons or showing causality) follows the task.

Tables are generally used where users will look up a specific measurement, while charts of various types are used to show patterns or relationships in the data for one or more variables.

Data visualization is both an [[art]] and a [[science]].

It is viewed as a branch of [[descriptive statistics]] by some, but also as a grounded theory development tool by others.

The rate at which data is generated has increased.

Data created by [[Internet]] activity and an expanding number of sensors in the environment, such as satellites, are referred to as [[Big Data]].

Processing, analyzing and communicating this data present a variety of ethical and analytical challenges for data visualization.

The field of [[data science]] and practitioners called data scientists have emerged to help address this challenge.

== See also ==

* [[Analytics]]
* [[Balanced scorecard]]
* [[Business analysis]]
* [[Business intelligence]]
* [[Computer art]]
* [[Computer science]]
* [[Computing]]
* [[Data]]
* [[Data analysis]]
* [[Data profiling]]
* [[Data warehouse]]
* [[Exploratory data analysis]]
* [[Infographic]]
* [[Information architecture]]
* [[Information design]]
* [[Information visualization]]
* [[Interaction design]]
* [[Interaction techniques]]
* [[Mathematical beauty]]
* [[Mathematics and art]]
* [[Scientific visualization]]
* [[Software visualization]]
* [[Statistical analysis]]
* [[Statistical graphics]]
* [[Visual analytics]]
* [[Visual arts]]

=== People (Historical) ===

* [[Charles Joseph Minard]]
* [[John Tukey]]
* [[John Snow]]
* [[Otto Neurath]]
* [[Florence Nightingale]]
* [[William Playfair]]

=== People (active today) ===

* [[Albero Cairo]]
* [[Edward Tufte]]
* [[Ola Rosling]] - Rosling developed the scatter-plot graphing tool used on [[Gapminder.org]].
* [[Hans Rosling]]
* [[Aaron Koblin]]
* [[Manuel Lima]]
* [[Max Roser]] - Roser is an economist at the University of Oxford and author of the online data visualisation publication [[Our World In Data]].
* [[Moritz Stefaner]]
* [[Ben Shneiderman]]
* [[Fernanda Viégas]]
* [[Martin M. Wattenberg]]
* [[Mona Chalabi]] - Data journalist at FiveThirtyEight. Previously at the Guardian, the Bank of England, and the Economist Intelligence Unit.
* [[George Furnas]]
* [[Branko Milanovic]]
* [[Mike Bostock]] - Bostock is one of the key developers of the Javascript library [[D3.js]]
* [[Adrien Segal]] - Oakland, CA based artist known for her sculptures based on tidal and snow data.

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_visualization Data visualization] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Computer art]]
[[Category:Computer science]]
[[Category:Computing]]
[[Category:Data]]
[[Category:Data visualization]]
[[Category:Mathematical beauty]]
[[Category:Mathematics and art]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

User:Kim Matthews

2016-05-22T20:46:00Z

Kim Matthews:

Started content.

* [[Data visualization]]
* [[Kim Matthews]]

Point (mathematics)

2016-05-22T20:45:05Z

Kim Matthews:

In modern [[mathematics]], a '''point''' refers usually to an element of some set called a space.

== Description ==
[[File:Coord system CA 0.svg.png|thumb|Every point in three-dimensional Euclidean space is determined by three coordinates.]]
More specifically, in [[Euclidean geometry]], a point is a primitive notion upon which the geometry is built.

Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously defined objects.

That is, a point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that it must satisfy.

In particular, the geometric points do not have any length, area, volume, or any other dimensional attribute.

A common interpretation is that the concept of a point is meant to capture the notion of a unique location in Euclidean space.

== See also ==

* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Three-dimensional space (mathematics)]]
* [[Two-dimensional space]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry) Point (mathematics)] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

Three-dimensional space (mathematics)

2016-05-22T20:44:50Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Three-dimensional space''' (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three [[parameters]] (values) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., [[Point (mathematics)|point]]).

This is the informal meaning of the term '''dimension'''.

== Physics and mathematics ==

In [[physics]] and [[mathematics]], a [[sequence]] of n [[numbers]] can be understood as a location in n-dimensional space.

When n = 3, the set of all such locations is called three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is commonly represented by the symbol ℝ3.

This serves as a three-parameter model of the physical universe (that is, the spatial part, without considering time) in which all known matter exists.

However, this space is only one example of a large variety of spaces in three dimensions called 3-manifolds.

In this classical example, when the three values refer to measurements in different directions (coordinates), any three directions can be chosen, provided that vectors in these directions do not all lie in the same 2-space (plane).

Furthermore, in this case, these three values can be labeled by any combination of three chosen from the terms [[width]], [[height]], [[depth]], and [[breadth]].

== See also ==

* [[3D science and technology (disambiguation)]]
* [[3-manifolds]]
* [[Dimensional analysis]]
* [[Distance from a point to a plane]]
* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Point (mathematics)]]
* [[Skew lines]] #Distance
* [[Space]]
* [[Three-dimensional graph]]
* [[Two-dimensional space]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space_(mathematics) Three-dimensional space (mathematics)] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Physics]]

Three-dimensional space (mathematics)

2016-05-22T20:44:06Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Three-dimensional space''' (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three [[parameters]] (values) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., [[Point (mathematics)|point]]).

This is the informal meaning of the term '''dimension'''.

== Physics and mathematics ==
[[File:Coord system CA 0.svg.png|thumb|Every point in three-dimensional Euclidean space is determined by three coordinates.]]
In [[physics]] and [[mathematics]], a [[sequence]] of n [[numbers]] can be understood as a location in n-dimensional space.

When n = 3, the set of all such locations is called three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is commonly represented by the symbol ℝ3.

This serves as a three-parameter model of the physical universe (that is, the spatial part, without considering time) in which all known matter exists.

However, this space is only one example of a large variety of spaces in three dimensions called 3-manifolds.

In this classical example, when the three values refer to measurements in different directions (coordinates), any three directions can be chosen, provided that vectors in these directions do not all lie in the same 2-space (plane).

Furthermore, in this case, these three values can be labeled by any combination of three chosen from the terms [[width]], [[height]], [[depth]], and [[breadth]].

== See also ==

* [[3D science and technology (disambiguation)]]
* [[3-manifolds]]
* [[Dimensional analysis]]
* [[Distance from a point to a plane]]
* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Point (mathematics)]]
* [[Skew lines]] #Distance
* [[Space]]
* [[Three-dimensional graph]]
* [[Two-dimensional space]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space_(mathematics) Three-dimensional space (mathematics)] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Physics]]

Sam Golden

2016-05-22T20:43:10Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Sam Golden''' (May 20, 1915 – March 11, 1997) was a paintmaker.

== Life and work ==

Golden started his paintmaking career in 1936 at Bocour Artist Colors with his uncle [[Leonard Bocour]].

In 1947 he developed '''Magna paint''', the world's first artist [[acrylic paint]].

== See also ==

* [[Acrylic paint]]
* [[Paint]]
* [[Painting]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Golden Sam Golden] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Artists]]
[[Category:People]]

File:Coord system CA 0.svg.png

2016-05-22T20:42:54Z

Kim Matthews: Illustration of the Cartesian coordinate system for 3D. Created with make-coord-system-figure with parameters -back 0 -rho 0 -system CA. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coord_system_CA_0.svg

Illustration of the Cartesian coordinate system for 3D.

Created with make-coord-system-figure with parameters -back 0 -rho 0 -system CA.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coord_system_CA_0.svg

Euclidean geometry

2016-05-22T20:40:16Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

'''Euclidean geometry''' is a mathematical system attributed to the Alexandrian Greek mathematician [[Euclid]], which he described in his textbook on geometry: the [[Elements]].

== Description ==

Euclid's method consists in assuming a small set of intuitively appealing [[axioms]], and deducing many other propositions (theorems) from these.

Although many of Euclid's results had been stated by earlier mathematicians, Euclid was the first to show how these propositions could fit into a comprehensive deductive and logical system.

The Elements begins with plane geometry, still taught in secondary school as the first axiomatic system and the first examples of formal proof.

It goes on to the solid geometry of three dimensions.

Much of the Elements states results of what are now called [[algebra]] and [[number theory]], explained in geometrical language.

For more than two thousand years, the adjective "Euclidean" was unnecessary because no other sort of geometry had been conceived.

Euclid's axioms seemed so intuitively obvious (with the possible exception of the parallel postulate) that any theorem proved from them was deemed true in an absolute, often metaphysical, sense.

Today, however, many other self-consistent non-Euclidean geometries are known, the first ones having been discovered in the early 19th century.

An implication of [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[theory of general relativity]] is that physical space itself is not Euclidean, and Euclidean space is a good approximation for it only where the gravitational field is weak.

Euclidean geometry is an example of [[synthetic geometry]], in that it proceeds logically from axioms to propositions without the use of coordinates. This is in contrast to [[analytic geometry]], which uses coordinates.

== See also ==

* [[Euclid]]
* [[Point (mathematics)]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry Euclidean geometry] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Logic]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

Point (mathematics)

2016-05-22T20:40:01Z

Kim Matthews:

In modern [[mathematics]], a '''point''' refers usually to an element of some set called a space.

== Description ==

More specifically, in [[Euclidean geometry]], a point is a primitive notion upon which the geometry is built.

Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously defined objects.

That is, a point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that it must satisfy.

In particular, the geometric points do not have any length, area, volume, or any other dimensional attribute.

A common interpretation is that the concept of a point is meant to capture the notion of a unique location in Euclidean space.

== See also ==

* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Three-dimensional space (mathematics)]]
* [[Two-dimensional space]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry) Point (mathematics)] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

Point (mathematics)

2016-05-22T20:39:40Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

In modern [[mathematics]], a '''point''' refers usually to an element of some set called a space.

== Description ==

More specifically, in Euclidean geometry, a point is a primitive notion upon which the geometry is built.

Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously defined objects.

That is, a point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that it must satisfy.

In particular, the geometric points do not have any length, area, volume, or any other dimensional attribute.

A common interpretation is that the concept of a point is meant to capture the notion of a unique location in Euclidean space.

== See also ==

* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Three-dimensional space (mathematics)]]
* [[Two-dimensional space]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry) Point (mathematics)] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

Point (mathematics)

2016-05-22T20:39:27Z

Kim Matthews: Created page with "In modern mathematics, a '''point''' refers usually to an element of some set called a space. == Description == More specifically, in Euclidean geometry, a point is a pr..."

In modern [[mathematics]], a '''point''' refers usually to an element of some set called a space.

== Description ==

More specifically, in Euclidean geometry, a point is a primitive notion upon which the geometry is built.

Being a primitive notion means that a point cannot be defined in terms of previously defined objects.

That is, a point is defined only by some properties, called axioms, that it must satisfy.

In particular, the geometric points do not have any length, area, volume, or any other dimensional attribute.

A common interpretation is that the concept of a point is meant to capture the notion of a unique location in Euclidean space.

== See also ==

* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Three-dimensional space (mathematics)]]
* [[Three-dimensional space]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry) Point (mathematics)] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]

Parameters

2016-05-22T20:37:02Z

Kim Matthews: Redirected page to Parameter

#REDIRECT [[Parameter]]

Three-dimensional space (mathematics)

2016-05-22T20:36:47Z

Kim Matthews:

Two-dimensional

2016-05-22T20:35:15Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

'''Two-dimensional''' (adjective):

* Existing in two dimensions.
* Not creating the illusion of depth.

== Physics and Mathematics ==

In [[physics]] and [[mathematics]], two-dimensional space or bi-dimensional space is a geometric model of the planar projection of the physical universe.

The two dimensions are commonly called length and width.

Both directions lie in the same plane.

== See also ==

* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Orthographic projection]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Space]]
* [[Three-dimensional space (mathematics)]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/two-dimensional#English Two-dimensional] @ Wiktionary
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_space Two-dimensional space] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]

Two-dimensional

2016-05-22T20:33:41Z

Kim Matthews: /* External links */

'''Two-dimensional''' (adjective):

* Existing in two dimensions.
* Not creating the illusion of depth.

== Physics and Mathematics ==

In [[physics]] and [[mathematics]], two-dimensional space or bi-dimensional space is a geometric model of the planar projection of the physical universe.

The two dimensions are commonly called length and width.

Both directions lie in the same plane.

== See also ==

* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Orthographic projection]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Space]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/two-dimensional#English Two-dimensional] @ Wiktionary
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_space Two-dimensional space] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Physics]]
[[Category:Vocabulary]]

Three-dimensional space (mathematics)

2016-05-22T20:33:11Z

Kim Matthews: Created page with "'''Three-dimensional space''' (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the..."

'''Three-dimensional space''' (also: 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called parameters) are required to determine the position of an element (i.e., point).

This is the informal meaning of the term '''dimension'''.

== Physics and mathematics ==

In [[physics]] and [[mathematics]], a [[sequence]] of n [[numbers]] can be understood as a location in n-dimensional space.

When n = 3, the set of all such locations is called three-dimensional Euclidean space. It is commonly represented by the symbol ℝ3.

This serves as a three-parameter model of the physical universe (that is, the spatial part, without considering time) in which all known matter exists.

However, this space is only one example of a large variety of spaces in three dimensions called 3-manifolds.

In this classical example, when the three values refer to measurements in different directions (coordinates), any three directions can be chosen, provided that vectors in these directions do not all lie in the same 2-space (plane).

Furthermore, in this case, these three values can be labeled by any combination of three chosen from the terms [[width]], [[height]], [[depth]], and [[breadth]].

== See also ==

* [[3D science and technology (disambiguation)]]
* [[3-manifolds]]
* [[Dimensional analysis]]
* [[Distance from a point to a plane]]
* [[Geometry]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Skew lines]] #Distance
* [[Space]]
* [[Three-dimensional graph]]
* [[Two-dimensional space]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space_(mathematics) Three-dimensional space (mathematics)] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Geometry]]
[[Category:Mathematics]]
[[Category:Physics]]

Three dimensions

2016-05-22T20:28:15Z

Kim Matthews: Redirected page to Three-dimensional space (mathematics)

#REDIRECT [[Three-dimensional space (mathematics)]]

Sculpture

2016-05-22T20:27:30Z

Kim Matthews:

'''Sculpture''' is the branch of the [[visual arts]] that operates in [[three dimensions]], and one of the [[plastic arts]].

== Description ==

Durable sculptural processes originally used [[carving]] (the removal of material) and [[modelling]] (the addition of material, as clay), in [[stone]], [[metal]], [[ceramics]], [[wood]] and other materials.

Since [[Modernism]], there has been an almost complete freedom of materials and process.

A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as [[carving]], assembled by [[welding]] or [[modelling]], or [[molded]], or [[cast]].

Sculpture in [[stone]] survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than [[pottery]]) from ancient culture, while traditions of sculpture in [[wood]] may have vanished almost entirely.

Most ancient sculpture was [[brightly painted]]; this has been lost.

== Religious and political devotion ==

Sculpture has been central in [[religious devotion]] in many cultures, and until recent centuries large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of [[religion]] or [[politics]].

Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in South America and Africa.

== Western tradition ==

The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period.

During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith.

The revival of classical models in the [[Renaissance]] produced famous sculptures such as [[Michelangelo]]'s [[David]].

Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of constructed sculpture, and the presentation of found objects as finished art works.

== See also ==

* [[Arborsculpture]]
* [[Architectural sculpture]]
* [[Assemblage]]
* [[Butter sculpture]]
* [[Cass Sculpture Foundation]]
* [[Collage]]
* [[Electrotyping]]
* [[Floral design (Ikebana)]]
* [[Garden sculpture]]
* [[Sculpture garden]]
* [[Gas sculpture]]
* [[Glassblowing]]
* [[Hill figure]]
* [[History of Eastern art]]
* [[Hologram]]
* [[Inuit Art]]
* [[List of female sculptors]]
* [[List of sculptors]]
* [[List of Stone Age art]]
* [[List of sculpture parks]]
* [[List of most expensive sculptures]]
* [[Living sculpture]]
* [[Mask]]
* [[Mobiles]]
* [[Monumental sculpture]]
* [[Origami]]
* [[Outline of sculpture]]
* [[Plaster cast]]
* [[Sculpture]]
* [[Visual arts]]
* [[Wax sculpture]]
* [[Welded sculpture]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture Sculpture] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Arts and crafts]]
[[Category:Sculptors]]
[[Category:Sculpture]]
[[Category:Sculpture materials]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

Sculpture

2016-05-22T20:27:26Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

Plastic arts

2016-05-22T20:27:02Z

Kim Matthews: Created page with "'''Plastic arts''' are art forms which involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by molding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. == Description == The term..."

'''Plastic arts''' are art forms which involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium by molding or modeling such as [[sculpture]] or ceramics.

== Description ==

The term has also been applied more broadly to all the [[visual arts]] (such as [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[film]] and [[photography]]).

Materials for use in the plastic arts, in the narrower definition, include those that can be carved or shaped, such as [[stone]], [[wood]], [[concrete]] and [[metal]].

"Plastics" meaning certain synthetic organic resins have been used ever since they were invented, but the term "plastic arts" long preceded them.

The term should not be confused with [[Piet Mondrian]]'s concept of "Neoplasticism".

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture Sculpture] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Arts and crafts]]
[[Category:Sculpture]]
[[Category:Sculpture materials]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

Sculpture

2016-05-22T20:24:04Z

Kim Matthews: /* See also */

'''Sculpture''' is the branch of the [[visual arts]] that operates in [[three dimensions]], and one of the [[plastic arts]].

== Description ==

Durable sculptural processes originally used [[carving]] (the removal of material) and [[modelling]] (the addition of material, as clay), in [[stone]], [[metal]], [[ceramics]], [[wood]] and other materials.

Since [[Modernism]], there has been an almost complete freedom of materials and process.

A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as [[carving]], assembled by [[welding]] or [[modelling]], or [[molded]], or [[cast]].

Sculpture in [[stone]] survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than [[pottery]]) from ancient culture, while traditions of sculpture in [[wood]] may have vanished almost entirely.

Most ancient sculpture was [[brightly painted]]; this has been lost.

== Religious and political devotion ==

Sculpture has been central in [[religious devotion]] in many cultures, and until recent centuries large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of [[religion]] or [[politics]].

Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as many in South America and Africa.

== Western tradition ==

The Western tradition of sculpture began in ancient Greece, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the classical period.

During the Middle Ages, Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith.

The revival of classical models in the [[Renaissance]] produced famous sculptures such as [[Michelangelo]]'s [[David]].

Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of constructed sculpture, and the presentation of found objects as finished art works.

== See also ==

* [[Arborsculpture]]
* [[Architectural sculpture]]
* [[Assemblage]]
* [[Butter sculpture]]
* [[Cass Sculpture Foundation]]
* [[Collage]]
* [[Electrotyping]]
* [[Floral design (Ikebana)]]
* [[Garden sculpture]]
* [[Sculpture garden]]
* [[Gas sculpture]]
* [[Glassblowing]]
* [[Hill figure]]
* [[History of Eastern art]]
* [[Hologram]]
* [[Inuit Art]]
* [[List of female sculptors]]
* [[List of sculptors]]
* [[List of Stone Age art]]
* [[List of sculpture parks]]
* [[List of most expensive sculptures]]
* [[Living sculpture]]
* [[Mask]]
* [[Mobiles]]
* [[Monumental sculpture]]
* [[Origami]]
* [[Outline of sculpture]]
* [[Plaster cast]]
* [[Sculpture]]
* [[Visual arts]]
* [[Wax sculpture]]
* [[Welded sculpture]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture Sculpture] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Arts and crafts]]
[[Category:Sculptors]]
[[Category:Sculpture]]
[[Category:Sculpture materials]]
[[Category:Visual arts]]

Sculptor

2016-05-22T20:23:27Z

Kim Matthews:

Painter

2016-05-22T20:21:21Z

Kim Matthews:

In [[art]], a '''painter''' is an artist who creates [[paintings]].

== See also ==

* [[Art]]
* [[Painting]]

== External links ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting Painting] @ Wikipedia

[[Category:Art]]
[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Painting]]

Paintings

2016-05-22T20:20:08Z

Kim Matthews: Redirected page to Painting

#REDIRECT [[Painting]]